React .Vs. Respond

Suddenly, a cockroach flew from somewhere and sat on a lady. I

wondered if this was the cockroach’s response to all the glory that

was spoken about it! She started screaming out of fear. With panic

stricken face and trembling voice, she started jumping, with both her

hands desperately trying to get rid of the cockroach. Her reaction was

contagious, as everyone in her group got cranky to what was happening.

The lady finally managed to push the cockroach to another lady in the

group. Now, it was the turn of the other lady in the group to continue

the drama. The waiter rushed forward to their rescue. In the relay of

throwing, the cockroach next fell upon the waiter. The waiter stood

firm, composed himself and observed the behaviour of the cockroach on

his shirt. When he was confident enough, he grabbed and threw it out

with his fingers.

Sipping my coffee and watching the amusement, the antenna of my mind

picked up a few thoughts and started wondering, was the cockroach

responsible for their histrionic behaviour? If so, then why was the

waiter not disturbed? He handled it near to perfection, without any

chaos. It is not the cockroach, but the inability of the ladies to

handle the disturbance caused by the cockroach that disturbed the

ladies.

I realized even in my case then , it is not the shouting of my father

or my boss that disturbs me, but it’s my inability to handle the

disturbances caused by their shouting that disturbs me. It’s not the

traffic jams on the road that disturbs me, but my inability to handle

the disturbance caused by the traffic jam that disturbs me. More than

the problem, it’s my reaction to the problem that hurts me.

The Take-Away

The women reacted, whereas the waiter responded. We should not react

in life, we should always respond.

Reactions are always instinctive whereas responses are always intellectual.

Postgis 1.4.* with postgresql 8.4 Ubuntu 9.10 /9.04

apt-get update

apt-get install vim

#The sources are still not available on the regular package servers... edit the sources

vim /etc/apt/sources.list

deb http://ppa.launchpad.net/pitti/postgresql/ubuntu jaunty main

deb-src http://ppa.launchpad.net/pitti/postgresql/ubuntu jaunty main

sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 8683D8A2

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get install postgresql-8.4

#This changes the port from 5433 to 5432

sudo sed -i.bak -e 's/port = 5433/port = 5432/' /etc/postgresql/8.4/main/postgresql.conf

sudo /etc/init.d/postgresql-8.4 stop

sudo /etc/init.d/postgresql-8.4 start

apt-get install postgresql-server-dev-8.4 libpq-dev

apt-get install libgeos-dev

wget http://postgis.refractions.net/download/postgis-1.4.0.tar.gz

apt-get install proj

tar xvfz postgis-1.4.0.tar.gz

cd postgis-1.4.0

./configure

make

make install

sudo su postgres

#change the postgres password to "atlas" so that you can later login

psql -c"ALTER user postgres WITH PASSWORD 'atlas'"

createdb geodb (with password atlas)

createlang -dgeodb plpgsql

psql -dgeodb -f /usr/share/postgresql/8.4/contrib/postgis.sql

psql -dgeodb -f /usr/share/postgresql/8.4/contrib/spatial_ref_sys.sql

psql -dgeodb -c"select postgis_lib_version();"

#This should return 1.4.0

exit

P.S: Note these contents are borrowed from http://biodivertido.blogspot.com/2009/10/install-postgresql-84-and-postgis-140.html

Configure Oracle from PHP on Centos 5

1) install apache, php …

yum install httpd php php-mysql php-pear php-devel zlib zlib-devel
yum groupinstall « Development Tools »

2) Download and install oracle instant client (basic and devel) from there:

http://www.oracle.com/technology/software/tech/oci/instantclient/htdocs/linuxsoft.html

rpm -Uvh oracle-instantclient-basic-.i386.rpm
rpm -Uvh oracle-instantclient-devel-.i386.rpm

3) Add the Oracle instant client to dynamic linker

echo /usr/include/oracle//client/lib/ > /etc/ld.so.conf.d/oracle_client.conf
ldconfig -v

4) Untar the PECL package and prepare it for compiling. You may download it from http://pecl.php.net/package/oci8

tar -xzvf oci-.tgz
cd oci-
phpize

5) Configure the PECL package as a shared object using the instant client and specifying where the Oracle client libraries are. Then build and install it.

./configure –with-oci8=shared,instantclient,/usr/lib/oracle//client/lib
make
make install

6) Add the library shared object for PHP

echo extension=oci8.so > /etc/php.d/oci8.ini

7) Start Apache

‘service httpd start’ _or_ ‘/etc/init.d/httpd restart’

Create a PHP info page and checked to see if the Oracle (oci8) driver is listed:

echo > /var/www/html/phpinfo.php

I hope this helps.

PS: These contents are borrows from url http://bigjim-network.be/2009/06/02/oracle-from-php-on-centos-5/

Install fussystrmatch package on postgresql

Step 1: Install package postgresql-contrib-8.*

You may use command sudo apt-get or may use GUI tool like Synaptic package manager.

Note * points to version like 8.3,8.4 etc

Step 2: go to directory where you will find sql files

cd usr/share/postgresql/8.*/contrib

Note * points to version like 8.3,8.4 etc

and execute following command

psql -d indiainfo -U postgres -W -f fuzzystrmatch.sql

this will create all functions like metaphone, soundex etc for you.

Hope this helps you

Regards
Rahul Teni
Cynosure Software Solution

Postgresql Single quotes!

Dear All,

Just wanted to share how we can incorporate single quote in postgresql plpgsql.

Say i want dynamic query like select id from emp where empname ilike 'Rahul Teni' and age > 25

name:='Rahul Teni'

query:= 'select id from emp where empname ilike' ||''''||name||''''||'and age >25'

I hope this helps and saves your lot's of time.

org.codehaus.groovy.grails.orm.hibernate.exceptions.CouldNotDetermineHibernateDialectException: Could not determine Hibernate dialect - oracle

Hi,

If you are getting following exception,

org.codehaus.groovy.grails.orm.hibernate.exceptions.CouldNotDetermineHibernateDialectException: Could not determine Hibernate dialect for database name [Oracle]!

at org.grails.tomcat.TomcatServer.start(TomcatServer.groovy:135)

at grails.web.container.EmbeddableServer$start.call(Unknown Source)

at _GrailsRun_groovy$_run_closure5_closure12.doCall(_GrailsRun_groovy:158)

at _GrailsRun_groovy$_run_closure5_closure12.doCall(_GrailsRun_groovy)

at _GrailsSettings_groovy$_run_closure10.doCall(_GrailsSettings_groovy:287)

at _GrailsSettings_groovy$_run_closure10.call(_GrailsSettings_groovy)

at _GrailsRun_groovy$_run_closure5.doCall(_GrailsRun_groovy:149)

at _GrailsRun_groovy$_run_closure5.call(_GrailsRun_groovy)

at _GrailsRun_groovy.runInline(_GrailsRun_groovy:115)

at _GrailsRun_groovy.this$4$runInline(_GrailsRun_groovy)

at _GrailsRun_groovy$_run_closure1.doCall(_GrailsRun_groovy:59)

at RunApp$_run_closure1.doCall(RunApp.groovy:33)

at gant.Gant$_dispatch_closure4.doCall(Gant.groovy:324)

at gant.Gant$_dispatch_closure6.doCall(Gant.groovy:334)

at gant.Gant$_dispatch_closure6.doCall(Gant.groovy)

at gant.Gant.withBuildListeners(Gant.groovy:344)

at gant.Gant.this$2$withBuildListeners(Gant.groovy)

at gant.Gant$this$2$withBuildListeners.callCurrent(Unknown Source)

at gant.Gant.dispatch(Gant.groovy:334)

at gant.Gant.this$2$dispatch(Gant.groovy)

at gant.Gant.invokeMethod(Gant.groovy)

at gant.Gant.processTargets(Gant.groovy:495)

at gant.Gant.processTargets(Gant.groovy:480)

It might be becuase your hibernate dialect for database oracle is not set properly.

You need to add this line dialect='org.hibernate.dialect.Oracle10gDialect' in your database configuration file for your grail application in datasource part.

Please take a note it must be added to datasource part not hibernate part.

I hope this helps.

Regards

Rahul Teni

Lighttpd Installation

Steps to Lighttpd Installation

Edit file /etc/lighttpd/lighttpd.conf file for any configuration related changes.

Go to system -> Administration -> Synaptic Package Manager and select lighttpd

Click apply changes

FAST CGI Support

Steps to FAST CGI Support

Go to system -> Administration -> Synaptic Package Manager and select php-cgi

sh /etc/init.d/lighttpd start

sh /etc/init.d/lighttpd stop

Click apply changes

Edit file /etc/lighttpd/lighttpd.conf file to add following things.

First add the module mod_fastcgi (lighttpd provides an interface to a external programs that support the FastCGI interface via this module). Make sure your server.modules loades mod_fastcgi:

server.modules = (
“mod_access”,
“mod_accesslog”,
“mod_fastcgi”,
“mod_rewrite”,
“mod_auth”
)

Add following lines to configuration

fastcgi.server = ( “.php” =>

(( “socket” => “/tmp/php-fastcgi.socket”,
“bin-path” => “/usr/local/bin/php”,
“bin-environment” => (
“PHP_FCGI_CHILDREN” => “16″,
“PHP_FCGI_MAX_REQUESTS” => “10000″
)
))
)

Restart lighttpd server with following command

TileCache Installation

Steps to Tile Cache Installation

• Go to fgs installation folder and execute following command . SetEnv.sh
• Execute command -> $ fgs install tilecache-base:2.10 http://dl.maptools.org/dl/fgs/releases/9.5/modules/
• Modify tilecache.cfg file as per your configuration.

• Sample Cache entry is as follows

Tile cache can be accessed by link http://localhost:port/tilecache/

Map Server version 5.4.2 OUTPUT=GIF OUTPUT=PNG OUTPUT=JPEG OUTPUT=WBMP OUTPUT=SWF OUTPUT=SVG SUPPORTS=PROJ SUPPORTS=AGG SUPPORTS=FREETYPE SUPPORTS=ICONV SUPPORTS=WMS_SERVER SUPPORTS=WMS_CLIENT SUPPORTS=WFS_SERVER SUPPORTS=WFS_CLIENT SUPPORTS=WCS_SERVER SUPPORTS=GEOS SUPPORTS=RGBA_PNG INPUT=EPPL7 INPUT=POSTGIS INPUT=OGR INPUT=GDAL INPUT=SHAPEFILE

[cache]

type=Disk

base=/home/mapserver/fgs/tmp/tilecache/cache

Sample WMS layer entry is as follows

[states]

type=WMS

url=http://localhost:8000/cgi-bin/mapserv?map=/home/mapserver/fgs/apps/OMMS3.0/htdocs/map/india_states.map

layers=states

extension=png

For above entry it is important that your map server supports WMS server to test that just go to your FGS installation directory and type command ./www/cgi-bin/mapserv -v and it should not throw any error

Mounting Linux partitions

Step 1.

sudo fdisk -l

This command will list down all devices (drives) connected to your machine

Sample output can be as follows

Disk /dev/sda: 20.0 GB, 20020396544 bytes

255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2434 cylinders

Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

/dev/sda1 * 1 1275 10241406 83 Linux

/dev/sda2 1276 2434 9309667+ 5 Extended

/dev/sda5 1276 2388 8940141 83 Linux

/dev/sda6 2389 2434 369463+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris

Step 2.

Install partion creator program in ubuntu

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get install gparted gksu

gksudo gparted

Step 3.

sudo mkdir /storage

This will create a directory where partition will be mounted

Step 4.

ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid

List down uuids for all drive’s partitions.

Sample output can be as follows

lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2009-11-04 17:05 069427AD94279E65 -> ../../sda1

lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2009-11-04 17:05 82b11ae0-e4c9-4e95-9518-06a337659dfb -> ../../sda5

lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 2009-11-04 17:05 EA902C94902C6971 -> ../../sda7

Step 5.

sudo cp /etc/fstab /etc/fstab_backup

Take back up of original file

sudo gedit /etc/fstab

Edit original file and add following line to that.

Step 6

sudo mount -a

Mount all partitions

Step 7

sudo chown -R username:usergroup /storage

sudo chmod -R 755 /storage

UUID=82b11ae0-e4c9-4e95-9518-06a337659dfb /storage ext3 defaults 0 0

Postgres Update Memory

Steps to Postgres Update Memory

Open Terminal Window

cat/proc/sys/kernel/shmmax.

To view By default shared memory segment

• To change memory segment permanantly
• etc/sysctl.conf
• 1) Login as root
• 2) Go to system->Administration->Login Window->security->Check Local
• 3) To edit shared memory segment.
• edit/proc/sys/kernel/shmmax

PostgreSQL on Ubuntu

Installation

• To install PostgreSQL, run the following command in the command prompt:
• sudo apt-get install postgresql
• Once the installation is complete, you should configure the PostgreSQL server

based on your needs, although the default configuration is viable.

• Configuration
• By default, connection via TCP/IP is disabled. PostgreSQL supports multiple

client authentication methods. By default, IDENT authentication method is

used for postgres and local users.

Please refer the PostgreSQL Administrator’s Guide.

• The following discussion assumes that you wish to enable TCP/IP connections

and use the MD5 method for client authentication. PostgreSQL configuration

files are stored in the /etc/postgresql//main directory.

For example, if you install PostgreSQL 8.3, the configuration files are stored

in the /etc/postgresql/8.3/main directory.

• To configure ident authentication,

add entries to the /etc/postgresql/8.3/main/pg_ident.conf file.

• To enable TCP/IP connections,

edit the file /etc/postgresql/8.3/main/postgresql.conf

• Locate the line #listen_addresses = ‘localhost’ and change it to:
• listen_addresses = ‘localhost’
• To allow other computers to connect to your PostgreSQL server replace

‘localhost’ with the IP Address of your server.

• You may also edit all other parameters, if you know what you are doing!

For details, refer to the configuration file or to the PostgreSQL documentation.

• Now that we can connect to our PostgreSQL server, the next step is to set a

password for the postgres user. Run the following command at a terminal

prompt to connect to the default PostgreSQL template database:

• sudo -u postgres psql template1
• The above command connects to PostgreSQL database template1

as user postgres. Once you connect to the PostgreSQL server, you

will be at a SQL prompt. You can run the following SQL command

at the psql prompt to configure the password for the user postgres.

• ALTER USER postgres with encrypted password ‘your_password’;
• After configuring the password, edit the

file /etc/postgresql/8.3/main/pg_hba.conf to use MD5 authentication

with the postgres user:

• local all postgres md5 sameuser
  sudo /etc/init.d/postgresql-8.3 restart
• The above configuration is not complete by any means.

Please refer the PostgreSQL Administrator’s Guide to configure

more parameters.

Resources

• As mentioned above the Administrator’s Guide is an excellent
• resource. The guide is also available in the postgresql-doc-8.3
• package. Execute the following in a terminal to install the package:

sudo apt-get install postgresql-doc-8.3

To view the guide enter

file:///usr/share/doc/postgresql-doc-8.3/html/index.html

into the address bar of your browser. For general SQL information see

Using SQL Special Edition by Rafe Colburn.

PostGIS on Ubuntu

With this post I will show how to install PostGIS 1.2.1 on Postgres

8.2.5 in Ubuntu 7.10 (but this procedure should work also for previous

PostGIS/Postgres/Ubuntu versions) from repositories.I will also show

you how to load and secure GIS data and how to access them with

some cool OS GIS Client (QGIS, UDig and gvSIG).

-1- Install Postgres

If you haven’t Postgres, you need to install it (PostGIS runs on top of it).

Open an Ubuntu terminal, and type:

sudo apt-get install postgresql postgresql-client
postgresql-contrib pgadmin3
sudo apt-get install postgresql pgadmin3
Postgres (8.2.5) will be now on your Ubuntu box.
-2- Install PostGIS
Still from the terminal, type:
sudo apt-get install postgresql-8.2-postgis
PostGIS (1.2.1) will now be installed, to be precise this
2 packages are installed:
postgresql -8.2-postgis
postgis
under file:///usr/share/doc/postgis/postgis.html you will
find the PostGIS Manual, for more help about installation
and configuration.
-3- Create a PostGIS database template
Creating a PostGIS database template is the way to go if
you want to make it easy the creations of many GIS database
on the same server. Without creating this template, you
would need to repeat this steps every time you need to
create a PostGIS database.
sudo su postgres
createdb postgistemplate
createlang plpgsql postgistemplate
psql -d postgistemplate -f /usr/share/postgresql-8.2
-postgis/lwpostgis.sql
psql -d postgistemplate -f /usr/share/postgresql-8.2
-postgis/spatial_ref_sys.sql
The template is now ready (a lot of functions and two
tables – geometry_columns and spatial_ref_sys – were
created in it).
Now we can test of postgistemplate we just created:
$ psql -d postgistemplate -c “SELECT postgis_full_version();”

postgis_full_version
————————————————————
POSTGIS=”1.2.1″ GEOS=”2.2.3-CAPI-1.1.1″ PROJ=”Rel.
4.5.0, 22 Oct 2006″ USE_STATS
(1 row)
-4- Create group role and user

• Generally the best way is to create the GIS data in
• the PostGIS database by using a different role and
  user than using the postgres one, that should be used
  only for administrative tasks.
  Typically I use to create a GIS role and user for
  managing data in the PostGIS database. You can even
  create more GIS users with different rights (SELECT,
  INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE on the different GIS feature
  classes), to generate a more safe environment. This
  depends on the configuration of your GIS scenario.
• Connect to postgres (with postgres user): psql and
• enter in the command prompt:
• type this to create the group role, that here i
  name gisgroup (choose less permissions if needed
  for security reasons):
• CREATE ROLE gisgroup NOSUPERUSER NOINHERIT CREATEDB
  NOCREATEROLE;
• type this to create the login role, here named gis
  (feel free to change it):
• CREATE ROLE gis LOGIN PASSWORD ‘mypassword’ NOINHERIT;
• assign the gis login role to the gisgroup group role:
• GRANT gisgroup TO gis;
  -5- Assign permissions
• We need to assign permissions for the postgistemplate
  tables
• (geometry_columns and spatial_ref_sys will be owned from
  the gis user):
• exit from the previous connection (type \q), and connect
  to the postgistemplate database as the postgres user:
• psql -d postgistemplate
• assign the permissions:
  ALTER TABLE geometry_columns OWNER TO gis;
• ALTER TABLE spatial_ref_sys OWNER TO gis;
• Create a schema for your gis data (we shouldn’t create the
  gis data in the public schema):
• CREATE SCHEMA gis_schema AUTHORIZATION gis;
• exit from the connection (\q)
  -6- Database creation
• Now we are ready to create the database (or more databases)
  where to load the data (named gisdb), using the createdb
  command, from the postgistemplate we just have created:
• $ createdb -T postgistemplate -O gis gisdb
  -7- Data loading
• Download this test data: there are 4 shapefiles that we
• will load in the new PostGIS database we have created.
  We can import shapefiles in PostGis with the shp2pgsql
  command. First we will create the sql files with this
• command, and then we will run this files with Postgres
  to import the data in PostGIS.
• To create the sql files (if you want to avoid this step,
  the zip file already contains this *.sql files we are
  generating):
• $ shp2pgsql -I -s 32633 POI.shp gis_schema.poi > poi.sql
• Shapefile type: Point
• Postgis type: POINT[2]
• $ shp2pgsql -I -s 32633 vestizioni.shp gis_schema.vestizioni
• > vestizioni.sql
• Shapefile type: Arc
• Postgis type: MULTILINESTRING[2]
• $ shp2pgsql -I -s 32633 compfun.shp gis_schema.compfun >
  compfun.sql
• Shapefile type: Polygon
• Postgis type: MULTIPOLYGON[2]
• $ shp2pgsql -I -s 32633 zone.shp gis_schema.zone > zone.sql
• Shapefile type: Polygon
• Postgis type: MULTIPOLYGON[2]
• Note that we used 2 options of the shp2pgsql:
  -I will also create a GiST index on the geometry column
  -s will give to PostGIS the information of the srid of the
  data (srid=32633 is for gis data with a spatial reference
  WGS84, UTM 33 N)
• Now it is time to execute the *.sql scripts with the gis user:
• $ psql -d gisdb -h localhost -U gis -f poi.sql
• BEGIN
  psql:poi.sql:4: NOTICE: CREATE TABLE will create implicit sequence

• “poi_gid_seq” for serial column “poi.gid”
  psql:poi.sql:4: NOTICE: CREATE TABLE / PRIMARY KEY will create
  implicit index “poi_pkey” for table “poi”
  CREATE TABLE
  addgeometrycolumn
  ——————————————————
  gis_schema.poi.the_geom SRID:32633 TYPE:POINT DIMS:2
• (1 row)
• CREATE INDEX
  COMMIT
• Do the same with the other 3 sqls generated from the
  previous step:
• $ psql -d gisdb -h localhost -U gis -f compfun.sql
• $ psql -d gisdb -h localhost -U gis -f vestizioni.sql
  $ psql -d gisdb -h localhost -U gis -f zone.sql

Rownum in 8.3 PostgreSQL

select rownum,columnname from(
SELECT ROWNUM, (a[ROWNUM]).columnname as columnAlias
FROM (
SELECT a, generate_series(1, array_upper(a, 1)) AS ROWNUM
FROM (
SELECT ARRAY
(
/*You complex query goes here*/
) AS a
) q2
) q3 ) q4 where /*Some where condition*/

General keyboard shortcuts

General keyboard shortcuts for ubuntu.

Ctrl + A = Select all

Ctrl + C = Copy the highlighted content to clipboard

Ctrl + V = Paste the clipboard content

Ctrl + N = New (Create a new document, not in terminal)

Ctrl + O = Open a document

Ctrl + S = Save the current document

Ctrl + P = Print the current document

Ctrl + W = Close the close document

Ctrl + Q = Quit the current application

Keyboard shortcuts for GNOME desktop

Ctrl + Alt + F1 = Switch to the first virtual terminal

Ctrl + Alt + F2(F3)(F4)(F5)(F6) = Select the different virtual terminals

Ctrl + Alt + F7 = Restore back to the current terminal session with X

Ctrl + Alt + Backspace = Restart GNOME

Alt + Tab = Switch between open programs

Ctrl + Alt + L = Lock the screen.

Alt + F1 = opens the Applications menu

Alt + F2 = opens the Run Application dialog box.

Alt + F3 = opens the Deskbar Applet

Alt + F4 = closes the current window.

Alt + F5 = unmaximizes the current window.

Alt + F7 = move the current window

Alt + F8 = resizes the current window.

Alt + F9 = minimizes the current window.

Alt + F10 = maximizes the current window.

Alt + Space = opens the window menu.

Ctrl + Alt + + = Switch to next X resolution

Ctrl + Alt + – = Switch to previous X resolution

Ctrl + Alt + Left/Right = move to the next/previous workspace

Keyboard shortcuts for Terminal

Ctrl + A = Move cursor to beginning of line

Ctrl + E = Move cursor to end of line

Ctrl + C = kills the current process.

Ctrl + Z = sends the current process to the background.

Ctrl + D = logs you out.

Ctrl + R = finds the last command matching the entered letters.

Enter a letter, followed by Tab + Tab = lists the available commands beginning with those letters.

Ctrl + U = deletes the current line.

Ctrl + K = deletes the command from the cursor right.

Ctrl + W = deletes the word before the cursor.

Ctrl + L = clears the terminal output

Shift + Ctrl + C = copy the highlighted command to the clipboard.

Shift + Ctrl + V (or Shift + Insert) = pastes the contents of the clipboard.

Alt + F = moves forward one word.

Alt + B = moves backward one word.

Arrow Up/Down = browse command history

Shift + PageUp / PageDown = Scroll terminal output

Keyboard shortcuts for Ubuntu

Alt + Tab = switch between open windows

Win + Tab = switch between open windows with Shift Switcher or Ring Switcher effect

Win + E = Expo, show all workspace

Ctrl + Alt + Down = Film Effect

Ctrl + Alt + Left mouse button = Rotate Desktop Cube

Alt + Shift + Up = Scale Windows

Ctrl + Alt + D = Show Desktop

Win + Left mouse button = take screenshot on selected area

Win + Mousewheel = Zoom In/Out

Alt + Mousewheel = Transparent Window

Alt + F8 = Resize Window

Alt + F7 = Move Window

Win + P = Add Helper

F9 = show widget layer

Shift + F9 = show water effects

Win + Shift + Left mouse button = Fire Effects

Win + Shift + C = Clear Fire Effects

Win + Left mouse button = Annotate: Draw

Win + 1 = Start annotation

Win + 3 = End annotation

Win + S = selects windows for grouping

Win + T = Group Windows together

Win + U = Ungroup Windows

Win + Left/Right = Flip Windows

Keyboard shortcut for Nautilus

Shift + Ctrl + N = Create New Folder

Ctrl + T = Delete selected file(s) to trash

Alt + ENTER = Show File/Folder Properties

Ctrl + 1 = Toggle View As Icons

Ctrl + 2 = Toggle View As List

Shift + Right = Open Directory (Only in List View)

Shift + Left = Close Directory (Only in List View)

Ctrl + S = Select Pattern

F2 = Rename File

Ctrl + A = Select all files and folders

Ctrl + W = Close Window

Ctrl + Shift + W = Close All Nautilus Windows

Ctrl + R = Reload Nautilus Window

Alt + Up = Open parent directory

Alt + Left = Back

Alt + Right = Forward

Alt + Home = go to Home folder

Ctrl + L = go to location bar

F9 = Show sidepane

Ctrl + H = Show Hidden Files

Ctrl + + = Zoom In

Ctrl + – = Zoom Out

Ctrl + 0 = Normal Size

If you want to configure your own keyboard shortcuts, you can do it at System->Preferences->Keyboard Shortcuts.

PostGIS Functions

Constructors

ST_MakePoint(Float Longitude, Float Latitude) returns Point

Create a new point. Note the order of the coordinates (longitude then latitude).

ST_GeomFromText(String WellKnownText, Integer SRID) returns Geometry

Create a new geometry from a standard formatted string and SRID. For example: POINT(0 0), LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1), POLYGON((0 0, 0 1, 1 1, 1 0, 0 0)).

ST_SetSRID(Geometry, Integer SRID) returns Geometry

Update the SRID on a geometry. This does not alter the coordinates of the geometry, it just updates the SRID number. For example: ST_SetSRID(‘POINT(0 0)’::geometry, 4326). The direct cast of text to geometry creates a geometry without an SRID, so we set it post-facto. This function is useful for conditioning geometries created without SRIDs.

ST_Expand(Geometry, Float Radius) returns Geometry

Create a new geometry that is the expanded bounding box of the input geometry. For example: ST_Expand(‘POINT(0 0)’, 1) returns POLYGON((-1 -1, -1 1, 1 1, 1 -1, -1 -1)). This function is useful for creating envelopes for use in indexed searches.

Outputs

ST_AsText(Geometry)

Convert geometry from internal format to human-readable text format.

ST_AsGML(Geometry)

Convert geometry from internal format to standard OGC GML format.

ST_AsGeoJSON(Geometry)

Convert geometry from internal format to standard GeoJSON format.

Measurements

ST_Area(Geometry) returns Float

Return the area of the geometry in the units of the spatial reference system.

ST_Length(Geometry) returns Float

Return the length of the geometry in the units of the spatial reference system.

ST_Perimeter(Geometry) returns Float

Return the perimeter of the geometry in the units of the spatial reference system.

ST_NumPoints(Linestring) returns Integer

Return the number of vertices in a linestring.

ST_NumRings(Polygon) returns Integer

Returns the number of rings in a polygon.

ST_NumGeometries(Geometry) returns Integer

Returns the number of geometries in a geometry collection.

Relationships

ST_Distance(Geometry, Geometry) returns Float

Return the distance between two geometries in the units of the spatial reference system.

ST_DWithin(Geometry, Geometry, Float Radius) returns Boolean

Return true if the geometries are within radius distance of one another.

ST_Intersects(Geometry, Geometry) returns Boolean

Return true if the geometries are not disjoint.

ST_Contains(GeometryA, GeometryB) returns Boolean

Return true if geometry “A” fully contains geometry “B”.

ST_Crosses(Geometry, Geometry) returns Boolean

For line/polygon case, return true if line crosses polygon boundary. For line/line case, return true if lines cross.

PostGres 'select clause' parameter list parameter.

http://www.postgresql.org/docs/7/static/sql-select.htm#SQL-EXCEPT

Suppress php warnings

To suppress php errors we need to add ‘@’ sign before statement.

It will continue processing to next statment.

Example:

@ $result1 = pg_query($connection,$query1) or die(‘Error, query1 failed’);
if(!$result1)
continue;

Adding 900913 projection to “spatial_ref_sys” table of PostGIS

You need to execute following query

INSERT into spatial_ref_sys (srid, auth_name, auth_srid, proj4text, srtext) values ( 900913, ’spatialreference.org’, 6, ‘+proj=merc +a=6378137 +b=6378137 +lat_ts=0.0 +lon_0=0.0 +x_0=0.0 +y_0=0 +k=1.0 +units=m +nadgrids=@null +wktext +no_defs’, ‘PROJCS["unnamed",GEOGCS["unnamed ellipse",DATUM["unknown",SPHEROID["unnamed",6378137,0]],PRIMEM["Greenwich",0]
,UNIT["degree",0.0174532925199433]],PROJECTION["Mercator_2SP"],PARAMETER["standard
_parallel_1",0],PARAMETER["central_meridian",0],PARAMETER["false_easting",0],PARAMETER
["false_northing",0],UNIT["Meter",1],EXTENSION["PROJ4","+proj=merc +a=6378137 +b=6378137 +lat_ts=0.0 +lon_0=0.0 +x_0=0.0 +y_0=0 +k=1.0 +units=m +nadgrids=@null +wktext +no_defs"]]’);

Network Set up

Network Set up of Ubuntu

Open terminal window

Type sudo gedit /etc/network/interfaces and press enter

Type password for your root

Copy following lines to that file

auto eth0

iface eth0 inet static

address 192.168.1.100

gateway 192.168.1.1

netmask 255.255.255.0

network 192.168.1.0

broadcast 192.168.1.255

Save file and close the editor

restart network with following command

sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart

Install fgs5.4.2 on ubuntu 64 bit

Installation error “eval 1 :can not

found $FGS_HOME/www/bin/httpd” where as ‘httpd’ is there.
When i debugged that in apachectl it throws error code 2
which means httpd usage error. I am not able to proceed
further. After searching lot and using mailing lists i found
solution which is described as below.

Solution

Follow following steps : -

1. You need to install the ia32-libs package:

apt-get install ia32-libs

2. You need to install the fgs package:

download latest fgs from

www.maptools.org/fgs/

3. Install fgs

sh fgs-mapserver_extended_5.4.2-fgs_9.5-linux-i386.bin

4. star fgs

5. You have done enjoy…

PostGIS Aggregate Functions

The functions given below are spatial aggregate functions provided with PostGIS that can be used just like any other sql aggregate function such as sum, average.

• ST_Accum – Aggregate. Constructs an array of geometries.
• ST_Collect – Return a specified ST_Geometry value from a collection of other geometries.
• ST_Extent – an aggregate function that returns the bounding box that bounds rows of geometries.
• ST_Extent3D – an aggregate function that returns the box3D bounding box that bounds rows of geometries.
• ST_MakeLine – Creates a Linestring from point geometries.
• ST_MemUnion – Same as ST_Union, only memory-friendly (uses less memory and more processor time).
• ST_Polygonize – Aggregate. Creates a GeometryCollection containing possible polygons formed from the constituent linework of a set of geometries.
• ST_Union – Returns a geometry that represents the point set union of the Geometries.

PostGIS SQL-MM Compliant Functions

The functions given below are PostGIS functions that conform to the SQL/MM 3 standard

• ST_Area – Returns the area of the geometry if it is a polygon or multi-polygon. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 8.1.2, 9.5.3
• ST_AsBinary – Return the Well-Known Binary (WKB) representation of the geometry without SRID meta data. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 5.1.37
• ST_AsText – Return the Well-Known Text (WKT) representation of the geometry without SRID metadata. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 5.1.25
• ST_Boundary – Returns the closure of the combinatorial boundary of this Geometry. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 5.1.14
• ST_Buffer – Returns a geometry that represents all points whose distance from this Geometry is less than or equal to distance. Calculations are in the Spatial Reference System of this Geometry. The optional third parameter sets the number of segments used to approximate a quarter circle (defaults to 8). This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 5.1.17
• ST_Centroid – Returns the geometric center of a geometry. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 8.1.4, 9.5.5
• ST_Contains – Returns true if and only if no points of B lie in the exterior of A, and at least one point of the interior of B lies in the interior of A. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 5.1.31
• ST_ConvexHull – The convex hull of a geometry represents the minimum convex geometry that encloses all geometries within the set. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 5.1.16
• ST_CoordDim – Return the coordinate dimension of the ST_Geometry value. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 5.1.3
• ST_Crosses – Returns TRUE if the supplied geometries have some, but not all, interior points in common. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 5.1.29
• ST_CurveToLine – Converts a CIRCULARSTRING/CURVEDPOLYGON to a LINESTRING/POLYGON This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 7.1.7
• ST_Difference – Returns a geometry that represents that part of geometry A that does not intersect with geometry B. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 5.1.20
• ST_Dimension – The inherent dimension of this Geometry object, which must be less than or equal to the coordinate dimension. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 5.1.2
• ST_Disjoint – Returns TRUE if the Geometries do not “spatially intersect” – if they do not share any space together. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 5.1.26
• ST_Distance – Returns the 2-dimensional cartesian minimum distance between two geometries in projected units. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 5.1.23
• ST_EndPoint – Returns the last point of a LINESTRING geometry as a POINT. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 7.1.4
• ST_Envelope – Returns a geometry representing the bounding box of the supplied geometry. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 5.1.15
• ST_Equals – Returns true if the given geometries represent the same geometry. Directionality is ignored. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 5.1.24
• ST_ExteriorRing – Returns a line string representing the exterior ring of the POLYGON geometry. Return NULL if the geometry is not a polygon. Will not work with MULTIPOLYGON This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 8.2.3, 8.3.3
• ST_GeomCollFromText – Makes a collection Geometry from collection WKT with the given SRID. If SRID is not give, it defaults to -1. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: ?
• ST_GeomFromText – Return a specified ST_Geometry value from Well-Known Text representation (WKT). This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 5.1.40
• ST_GeomFromWKB – Creates a geometry instance from a Well-Known Binary geometry representation (WKB) and optional SRID. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 5.1.41
• ST_GeometryFromText – Return a specified ST_Geometry value from Well-Known Text representation (WKT). This is an alias name for ST_GeomFromText This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 5.1.40
• ST_GeometryN – Return the 1-based Nth geometry if the geometry is a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION, MULTIPOINT, MULTILINESTRING, MULTICURVE or MULTIPOLYGON. Otherwise, return NULL. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 9.1.5
• ST_GeometryType – Return the geometry type of the ST_Geometry value. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 5.1.4
• ST_InteriorRingN – Return the Nth interior linestring ring of the polygon geometry. Return NULL if the geometry is not a polygon or the given N is out of range. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 8.2.6, 8.3.5
• ST_Intersection – Returns a geometry that represents the shared portion of geomA and geomB This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 5.1.18
• ST_Intersects – Returns TRUE if the Geometries “spatially intersect” – (share any portion of space) and FALSE if they don’t (they are Disjoint). This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 5.1.27
• ST_IsClosed – Returns TRUE if the LINESTRING’s start and end points are coincident. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 7.1.5, 9.3.3
• ST_IsEmpty – Returns true if this Geometry is an empty geometry . If true, then this Geometry represents the empty point set – i.e. GEOMETRYCOLLECTION(EMPTY). This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 5.1.7
• ST_IsRing – Returns TRUE if this LINESTRING is both closed and simple. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 7.1.6
• ST_IsSimple – Returns (TRUE) if this Geometry has no anomalous geometric points, such as self intersection or self tangency. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 5.1.8
• ST_IsValid – Returns true if the ST_Geometry is well formed. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 5.1.9
• ST_Length – Returns the 2d length of the geometry if it is a linestring or multilinestring. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 7.1.2, 9.3.4
• ST_LineFromText – Makes a Geometry from WKT representation with the given SRID. If SRID is not given, it defaults to -1. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 7.2.8
• ST_LineFromWKB – Makes a LINESTRING from WKB with the given SRID This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 7.2.9
• ST_LinestringFromWKB – Makes a geometry from WKB with the given SRID. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 7.2.9
• ST_M – Return the M coordinate of the point, or NULL if not available. Input must be a point. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3 New standard: ?
• ST_MLineFromText – Return a specified ST_MultiLineString value from WKT representation. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 9.4.4
• ST_MPointFromText – Makes a Geometry from WKT with the given SRID. If SRID is not give, it defaults to -1. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 9.2.4
• ST_MPolyFromText – Makes a MultiPolygon Geometry from WKT with the given SRID. If SRID is not give, it defaults to -1. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 9.6.4
• ST_NumGeometries – If geometry is a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION (or MULTI*) return the number of geometries, otherwise return NULL. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 9.1.4
• ST_NumInteriorRing – Return the number of interior rings of the first polygon in the geometry. Synonym to ST_NumInteriorRings. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 8.2.5
• ST_NumInteriorRings – Return the number of interior rings of the first polygon in the geometry. This will work with both POLYGON and MULTIPOLYGON types but only looks at the first polygon. Return NULL if there is no polygon in the geometry. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 8.2.5
• ST_NumPoints – Return the number of points in an ST_LineString or ST_CircularString value. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 7.2.4
• ST_OrderingEquals – Returns true if the given geometries represent the same geometry and points are in the same directional order. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 5.1.43
• ST_Overlaps – Returns TRUE if the Geometries share space, are of the same dimension, but are not completely contained by each other. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 5.1.32
• ST_Perimeter – Return the length measurement of the boundary of an ST_Surface or ST_MultiSurface value. (Polygon, Multipolygon) This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 8.1.3, 9.5.4
• ST_Point – Returns an ST_Point with the given coordinate values. OGC alias for ST_MakePoint. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 6.1.2
• ST_PointFromText – Makes a point Geometry from WKT with the given SRID. If SRID is not given, it defaults to unknown. This method implements the SQL/MM specification:SQL-MM 3: 6.1.8
• ST_PointFromWKB – Makes a geometry from WKB with the given SRID This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 6.1.9
• ST_PointN – Return the Nth point in the first linestring or circular linestring in the geometry. Return NULL if there is no linestring in the geometry. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 7.2.5, 7.3.5
• ST_PointOnSurface – Returns a POINT guaranteed to lie on the surface. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 8.1.5, 9.5.6. According to the specs, ST_PointOnSurface works for surface geometries (POLYGONs, MULTIPOLYGONS, CURVED POLYGONS). So PostGIS seems to be extending what the spec allows here. Most databases Oracle,DB II, ESRI SDE seem to only support this function for surfaces. SQL Server 2008 like PostGIS supports for all common geometries.
• ST_Polygon – Returns a polygon built from the specified linestring and SRID. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 8.3.2
• ST_PolygonFromText – Makes a Geometry from WKT with the given SRID. If SRID is not give, it defaults to -1. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 8.3.6
• ST_Relate – Returns true if this Geometry is spatially related to anotherGeometry, by testing for intersections between the Interior, Boundary and Exterior of the two geometries as specified by the values in the intersectionMatrixPattern. If no intersectionMatrixPattern is passed in, then returns the maximum intersectionMatrixPattern that relates the 2 geometries. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 5.1.25
• ST_SRID – Returns the spatial reference identifier for the ST_Geometry as defined in spatial_ref_sys table. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 5.1.5
• ST_StartPoint – Returns the first point of a LINESTRING geometry as a POINT. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 7.1.3
• ST_SymDifference – Returns a geometry that represents the portions of A and B that do not intersect. It is called a symmetric difference because ST_SymDifference(A,B) = ST_SymDifference(B,A). This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 5.1.21
• ST_Touches – Returns TRUE if the geometries have at least one point in common, but their interiors do not intersect. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 5.1.28
• ST_Transform – Returns a new geometry with its coordinates transformed to the SRID referenced by the integer parameter. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 5.1.6
• ST_Union – Returns a geometry that represents the point set union of the Geometries. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 5.1.19
• ST_WKBToSQL – Return a specified ST_Geometry value from Well-Known Binary representation (WKB). This is an alias name for ST_GeomFromWKB that takes no srid This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 5.1.36
• ST_WKTToSQL – Return a specified ST_Geometry value from Well-Known Text representation (WKT). This is an alias name for ST_GeomFromText This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 5.1.34
• ST_Within – Returns true if the geometry A is completely inside geometry B This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3: 5.1.30
• ST_X – Return the X coordinate of the point, or NULL if not available. Input must be a point. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3 standard: SQL-MM 3: 6.1.3
• ST_Y – Return the Y coordinate of the point, or NULL if not available. Input must be a point. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3 standard: SQL-MM 3: 6.1.4
• ST_Z – Return the Z coordinate of the point, or NULL if not available. Input must be a point. This method implements the SQL/MM specification: SQL-MM 3 standard New Spec: ?